The Design Principle of Blockchain
By Sunshine, Primitive Lane, Metaverse
Figure: A conversation between Sunshine and Chat GPT-3 on 2022/12/30
Disclaimer: Primitives Lane is a non-profit research group focused on blockchain and other frontier technologies. We are dedicated to solving the most fundamental public issues in frontier fields, helping researchers grow steadily, and creating a friendly and supportive space for builders.
Acknowledgments: TBA
Part I: Blockchain Related SoKs
1.1. Worldcloud
1.1.1. Title
1.1.2. Abstract
1.2. Bigram
1.2.1. Title
1.2.2. Abstract
1.3. Reference List
1.3.1. Category 1 Security and Privacy
| Citation | Title | URL |
|---|---|---|
| Almashaqbeh and Solomon [2022] | SoK: privacy-preserving computing in the blockchain era | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9797340 |
| Bonneau et al. [2015] | SoK: Research Perspectives and Challenges for Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7163021 |
| Wang [2021] | SoK: Understanding BFT Consensus in the Age of Blockchains | https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/911 |
| Eskandari et al. [2020] | Sok: Transparent dishonesty: front-running attacks on blockchain | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-43725-1_13 |
| Baum et al. [2021] | Sok: Mitigation of front-running in decentralized finance | https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/1628 |
| Raikwar et al. [2019] | SoK of used cryptography in blockchain | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8865045 |
| Heimbach and Wattenhofer [2022] | SoK: Preventing Transaction Reordering Manipulations in Decentralized Finance | https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.11520 |
| Zhou et al. [2022] | SoK: Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Incidents | https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.13035 |
| Li et al. [2022] | SoK: TEE-assisted Confidential Smart Contract | https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.08548 |
| Ankele et al. [2020] | SoK: Cyber-Attack Taxonomy of Distributed Ledger-and Legacy Systems-based Financial Infrastructures | https://www.joanneum.at/en/digital/publications/details/sok-cyber-attack-taxonomy-of-distributed-ledger-and-legacy-systems-based-financial-infrastructures |
| Yang et al. [2022] | SoK: MEV Countermeasures: Theory and Practice | https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.05111 |
| Azouvi and Hicks [2019] | Sok: Tools for game theoretic models of security for cryptocurrencies | https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.08595 |
| Atzei et al. [2017] | A survey of attacks on ethereum smart contracts (sok) | https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-662-54455-6_8 |
| Judmayer et al. [2021] | Sok: Algorithmic incentive manipulation attacks on permissionless pow cryptocurrencies | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-63958-0_38 |
| Di Angelo et al. [2020] | SoK: Development of secure smart contracts–lessons from a graduate course | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-43725-1_8 |
| Chen et al. [2020] | A survey on ethereum systems security: Vulnerabilities, attacks, and defenses | https://dl.acm.org/doi/fullHtml/10.1145/3391195 |
| Islam et al. [2021] | A Review on Blockchain Security Issues and Challenges | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9515276 |
| Li et al. [2020] | A survey on the security of blockchain systems | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167739X17318332 |
| Garay and Kiayias [2020] | Sok: A consensus taxonomy in the blockchain era | https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/754 |
| Tekiner et al. [2021] | SoK: cryptojacking malware | https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.03851 |
| Alsalami and Zhang [2019] | SoK: A systematic study of anonymity in cryptocurrencies | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8937681 |
| Deuber et al. [2022] | SoK: Assumptions Underlying Cryptocurrency Deanonymizations | https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/763 |
| Rinberg and Agarwal [2022] | Privacy when Everyone is Watching: An SOK on Anonymity on the Blockchain | https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/985 |
| Bonomi et al. [2021] | SoK: Achieving State Machine Replication in Blockchains based on Repeated Consensus | https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.13732 |
| Ghesmati et al. [2021] | SoK: How private is Bitcoin? Classification and Evaluation of Bitcoin Mixing Techniques | https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/629 |
| Franzoni and Daza [2022] | SoK: Network-Level Attacks on the Bitcoin P2P Network | https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3538969.3538971 |
1.3.2. Category 2 Scalability
| Citation | Title | URL |
|---|---|---|
| Wang et al. [2019] | SoK: Sharding on Blockchain | https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3318041.3355457 |
| Gudgeon et al. [2020] | SoK: Layer-Two Blockchain Protocols | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-51280-4_12 |
| McCorry et al. [2021] | Sok: Validating bridges as a scaling solution for blockchains | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-51280-4_12 |
| Chatzigiannis et al. [2022] | Sok: Blockchain light clients | https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1007/978-3-031-18283-9_31 |
| Zhou et al. [2020] | Solutions to scalability of blockchain: A survey | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8962150 |
1.3.3. Category 3 Decentralization
| Citation | Title | URL |
|---|---|---|
| Zhang et al. [2022] | SoK: Blockchain Decentralization | https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.04256 |
| Karakostas et al. [2022] | SoK: A Stratified Approach to Blockchain Decentralization | https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.01291 |
| Raikwar and Gligoroski [2022] | SoK: Decentralized Randomness Beacon Protocols | https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.13333 |
1.3.4. Category 4 Applicability
| Citation | Title | URL | |———————————|—————————–|—————————————–| | Gudgeon et al. [2020] | SoK: Layer-Two Blockchain Protocols |https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-51280-4_12 | | Bartoletti et al. [2021] | SoK: lending pools in decentralized finance |https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-63958-0_40 | | Werner et al. [2021] | SoK: Decentralized Finance (DeFi) |https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.08778 | | Xu et al. [2021] | SoK: Decentralized Exchanges (DEX) with Automated Market Maker (AMM) Protocols |https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.12732 | | Shi et al. [2021] | When Blockchain Meets Auction Models: A Survey, Some Applications, and Challenges | https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.12534 | | Abuidris et al. [2019] | A survey of blockchain-based on e-voting systems |https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3376044.3376060 | | Gadekallu et al. [2022] | Blockchain for the Metaverse: A Review | https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.09738 | | Ali et al. [2019] | Blockchain and the future of the internet: A comprehensive review |https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.00733 | | Cousaert et al. [2022] | Sok: Yield aggregators in defi | https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.13891| | Yu et al. [2022] | SoK: Play-to-Earn Projects |https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.01000 | | Dotan et al. [2020] | SoK: cryptocurrency networking context, state-of-the-art, challenges |https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3407023.3407043 | | Moin et al. [2020] | SoK: A classification framework for stablecoin designs | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-51280-4_11 | | Gan et al. [2021] | A critical review of blockchain applications to banking and finance: a qualitative thematic analysis approach |https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09537325.2021.1979509?journalCode=ctas20 | | Dasaklis et al. [2021] | Sok: Blockchain solutions for forensics |https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-69460-9_2 | | Wang [2021] | SoK: tokenization on blockchain | https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/1536| |Karantias [2020] | Sok: A taxonomy of cryptocurrency wallets |https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/868 | | Clark et al. [2019] | SoK: demystifying stablecoins |https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3466371 | | Jourenko et al. [2019] | SoK: A taxonomy for layer-2 scalability related protocols for cryptocurrencies |https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/352 | | Lande and Zunino [2018] | SoK: unraveling Bitcoin smart contracts |https://iris.unica.it/handle/11584/251263 | | Moin et al. [2020] | SoK: A Classification Framework for Stablecoin Designs |https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-51280-4_11 |
1.3.5. Category 5 Governance and Regulation
|Citation | Title | URL | |——————————-|——————————————————–|———————————————-| | Kiayias and Lazos [2022] | SoK: Blockchain Governance | https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.07188 | |Chatzigiannis et al. [2021] | SoK: Auditability and Accountability in Distributed Payment Systems | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-78375-4_13 | | Kolachala et al. [2021] | SoK: Money Laundering in Cryptocurrencies | https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3465481.3465774 | |Casino et al. [2022] | SoK: Cross-border Criminal Investigations and Digital Evidence |https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.12911 | | Deuber et al. [2022] | SoK: Assumptions Underlying Cryptocurrency Deanonymizations–A Taxonomy for Scientific Experts and Legal Practitioners | https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/763 |
1.3.6. Category 6 Blockchain System Design
| Citation | Title | URL | |——————————-|——————————————————–|———————————————-| |Wang et al. [2020] | SoK: Diving into DAG-based blockchain systems |https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.06128 | | Bellaj et al. [2022] | SoK: a comprehensive survey on distributed ledger technologies |https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03609651/ |
1.3.7. Category 7 Cross-Chain and Interoperability
|Citation | Title | URL |
|——————————-|——————————————————–|———————————————-|
| Zamyatin et al. [2021] | Sok: Communication across distributed ledgers |https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_1 |
| Wang [2021] | Sok: Exploring blockchains interoperability |https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/537 |
| Eskandari et al. [2021] | Sok: Oracles from the ground truth to market manipulation |https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3479722.3480994 |
| Lee et al. [2022] | SoK: Not Quite Water Under the Bridge: Review of Cross-Chain Bridge Hacks |https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.16209 |
| Belchior et al. [2021] | A Survey on Blockchain Interoperability: Past, Present, and Future Trends | https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3471140 |
| Belchior et al. [2022] | Do You Need a Distributed Ledger Technology Interoperability Solution?|https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3564532|
Part II: White papers for top blockchain projects and/or cross-chain solutions
1.1. Wordcloud
1.1.1. Title
1.1.2. Abstract
1.2. Bigram
1.2.1. Title
1.2.2. Abstract
-Click Here to See the Interactive Figure
1.3. Reference List
https://github.com/sunshineluyao/design-principle-blockchain/blob/main/data/whitepaper.csv
The blockchain projects and/or cross-chain solutions ranked by market values retrived from https://coinmarketcap.com/ on 2022/12/27 (dApps are excluded)
| Rank | name | symbol | Genesis | Type | Coinmarketcap | whitepaper | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bitcoin | BTC | 2009 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin/ | https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf | |
| 2 | Ethereum | ETH | 2015 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ethereum/ | https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/ | |
| 3 | Binance smart chain | BNB | 2017 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bnb/ | https://github.com/binance-chain/whitepaper/blob/master/WHITEPAPER.md | |
| 4 | XRP Ledger (Ripple) | XRP | 2021 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/xrp/ | https://ripple.com/files/ripple_consensus_whitepaper.pdf | |
| 5 | Cardano | ADA | 2017 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/cardano/ | https://docs.cardano.org/en/latest/ | |
| 6 | Polkadot | DOT | 2022 | Cross-chain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/polkadot-new/ | https://polkadot.network/PolkaDotPaper.pdf | |
| 7 | TRON | TRX | 2017 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/tron/ | https://tron.network/static/doc/white_paper_v_2_0.pdf | |
| 8 | Solana | SOL | 2020 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/solana/ | https://solana.com/solana-whitepaper.pdf | |
| 9 | Avalanche | AVAX | 2020 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/avalanche/ | https://assets.website-files.com/5d80307810123f5ffbb34d6e/6008d7bc56430d6b8792b8d1_Avalanche%20Native%20Token%20Dynamics.pdf | |
| 10 | Chainlink | LINK | 2017 | Cross-chain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/chainlink/ | https://chain.link/whitepaper | |
| 11 | The Open Network (TON) | TON | 2018 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/toncoin/ | https://tron.network/static/doc/white_paper_v_2_0.pdf | |
| 12 | Cosmos | ATOM | 2016 | Cross-chain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/cosmos/ | https://v1.cosmos.network/resources/whitepaper | |
| 13 | Stellar | XLM | 2015 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/stellar/ | https://www.stellar.org/papers/stellar-consensus-protocol.pdf | |
| 14 | Cronos Chain | CRO | 2018 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/cronos/ | https://whitepaper.cronos.org/ | |
| 15 | Quant Overledger | QNT | 2018 | Cross-chain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/quant/ | https://whitepaper.io/coin/quant | |
| 16 | Agorand | ALGO | 2019 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/algorand/ | https://www.algorand.com/technology/white-papers | |
| 17 | NEAR Protocol | NEAR | 2021 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/near-protocol/ | https://near.org/papers/the-official-near-white-paper/ | |
| 18 | Filecoin | FIL | 2017 | Cross-chain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/filecoin/ | https://whitepaper.io/coin/filecoin | |
| 19 | Hedera | HBAR | 2019 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/hedera/ | https://www.hedera.com/papers | |
| 20 | Internet Computer | ICP | 2021 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/internet-computer/ | https://internetcomputer.org/whitepaper.pdf | |
| 21 | EOS Network | EOS | 2018 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/eos/ | https://github.com/EOSIO/Documentation/blob/master/TechnicalWhitePaper.md | |
| 22 | MultiversX (Elrond) | EGLD | 2020 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/elrond-egld/ | https://elrond.com/assets/files/elrond-whitepaper.pdf | |
| 23 | Flow | FLOW | 2018 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/flow/ | https://www.onflow.org/technical-paper/ | |
| 24 | Theta Network | THETA | 2019 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/theta-network/ | https://s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/assets.thetatoken.org/Theta-white-paper-latest.pdf | |
| 25 | Tezos | XTZ | 2018 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/tezos/ | https://tezos.com/whitepaper.pdf | |
| 26 | Zcash | ZEC | 2016 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/zcash/ | https://github.com/zcash/zips/blob/master/protocol/protocol.pdf | |
| 27 | Klaytn | KLAY | 2019 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/klaytn/ | https://whitepaper.io/coin/klaytn | |
| 28 | Dash | DASH | 2014 | Blockchain | https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/dash/ | https://whitepaper.io/coin/dash |
Part III: Blockchain Standards
3.1. Wordcloud
3.1.1. Title
3.1.2. Abstract
3.2. Bigram
3.2.1. Title
3.3. References
3.3.1. Blokchain Standard Development References by Institution
| Institution | Blockchain Standard Development Reference |
|---|---|
| The European Commission | https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/blockchain-standards |
| IEEE | https://blockchain.ieee.org/standards |
| The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) | https://www.w3.org/2016/04/blockchain-workshop/report.html |
| International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications (Iatba) | https://inatba.org/standards-committee-working-group-lp/ |
| National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) | https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2018/NIST.IR.8202.pdf |
| ANSI Accredited Standards Committee X9 | https://x9.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Distributed-Ledger-and-Blockchain-Technology-Study-Group-Report-FINAL.pdf |
| International Organization for Standardization (ISO) | https://www.iso.org/committee/6266604.html |
| The European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) | https://www.enisa.europa.eu/news/enisa-news/enisa-report-on-blockchain-technology-and-security |
| German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) | https://www.bsigroup.com/globalassets/localfiles/en-gb/bsi_blockchain_dlt_web.pdf |
| International Telecommunication Union (ITU) | https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/dlt/Pages/default.aspx |
| European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) | https://www.cencenelec.eu/areas-of-work/cenelec-sectors/digital-society-cenelec/emerging-technologies/ |
3.3.2. Blockchain Standard Papers
| Title | URL |
|:———————-|:————————————————-|
| Comparing Blockchain Standards and Recommendations | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/12/12/222/pdf |
| Blockchain Standards for Compliance and Trust |https://anjum.web.cern.ch/papers/d4sta.pdf |
| Global Standards Mapping Initiative: An overview of blockchain technical standards | https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/global-standards-mapping-initiative-an-overview-of-blockchain-technical-standards |
| A Web-based Ledger Data Model and Format: A position statement by Digital Bazaar for the W3C Blockchain Workshop | https://www.w3.org/2016/04/blockchain-workshop/interest/sporny-longley.html |
| Linked Data Indexing of Distributed Ledgers | http://oro.open.ac.uk/49736/1/p1431.pdf |
| Developing Open and Interoperable DLT\/Blockchain Standards | https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2018/11/08625908/17D45XfSEUx |